Lydia Pinkham Was an Inventor and Marketer

Lydia Pinkham Was an Inventor and Marketer Just a lady can comprehend a womans ills.- Lydia Pinkham Lydia Pinkham was a creator and advertiser of popular patent medication Lydia E. Pinkhams Vegetable Compound, one of the best items at any point showcased explicitly for ladies. Since her name and picture were on the mark of the item, she got a standout amongst other known ladies in America. Occupation: innovator, advertiser, business person, business managerDates: February 9, 1819 - May 17, 1883Also known as: Lydia Estes, Lydia Estes Pinkham Lydia Pinkham Early Life Lydia Pinkham was conceived Lydia Estes. Her dad was William Estes, a well off rancher, and shoemaker in Lynn, Massachusetts, who figured out how to get affluent from land ventures. Her mom was Williams second spouse, Rebecca Chase. Instructed at home and later at Lynn Academy, Lydia filled in as an educator from 1835 to 1843. The Estes family restricted subjugation, and Lydia knew a significant number of the early abolitionist activists, including Lydia Maria Child, Frederick Douglass, Sarah Grimkã ©, Angelina Grimkã ©, and William Lloyd Garrison. Douglass was a deep rooted companion of Lydia. Lydia herself got included, joining, with her companion Abby Kelley Foster the Lynn Female Anti-Slavery Society, and she was secretary of the Freemans Society. She additionally got associated with womens rights. Strictly, the Estes relatives were Quakers however left the neighborhood meeting over a contention around subjugation. Rebecca Estes and afterward the remainder of the family became Universalists, additionally impacted by the Swedenborgians and mystics. Marriage Lydia wedded single man Isaac Pinkham in 1843. He brought a five-year-old girl into the marriage. Together they had five additional youngsters; the second child passed on in early stages. Isaac Pinkham was engaged with land yet never did well overall. The family battled monetarily. Lydias job was basically as the ordinary spouse and mother of Victorian white collar class standards. At that point, in the Panic of 1873, Isaac lost his cash, was sued for delinquency of obligations, and for the most part self-destructed and couldn't work. A child, Daniel, lost his supermarket to the breakdown. By 1875, the family was almost penniless. Lydia E. Pinkham Vegetable Compound Lydia Pinkham had become an adherent of nourishment reformers like Sylvester Graham (of the graham saltine) and Samuel Thomson. She fermented a home cure made of roots and herbs, and including 18% to 19% liquor as dissolvable and additive. She had shared this uninhibitedly with relatives and neighbors for around ten years. As indicated by one legend, the first recipe went to the family through a man for whom Isaac Pinkham had paid an obligation of $25. In edginess over their monetary conditions, Lydia Pinkham chose to showcase the compound. They enlisted a trademark for Lydia E. Pinkhams Vegetable Compound and copyrighted a name which after 1879 included Lydias grandmotherly picture at the proposal of the Pinkham child, Daniel. She licensed the recipe in 1876. Child William, who had no extraordinary obligations, was named the legitimate proprietor of the organization. Lydia fermented the compound in their kitchen until 1878 when it was moved into another structure nearby. She actually composed a large number of the promotions for it, concentrating on female grumblings which incorporated an assortment of sicknesses including menstrual issues, vaginal release, and other menstrual inconsistencies. The mark initially and self-assuredly asserted A Sure Cure for PROLAPSIS UTERI or Falling of the Womb, and every FEMALE Weakness, including Leucorrhea, Painful Menstruation, Inflammation, and Ulceration of the Womb, Irregularities, Floodings, and so on. Numerous ladies were reluctant to counsel doctors for their female troubles. Doctors of the time regularly recommended medical procedure and other risky techniques for such issues. This may incorporate applying parasites to the cervix or vagina. Those supporting that times elective medication regularly went to home or business cures, for example, Lydia Pinkhams. The opposition included Dr. Penetrates Favorite Prescription and Wine of Cardui. Developing Business Selling the compound was at center a family undertaking, even as it developed. The Pinkham children disseminated promotions and even offered the medication entryway to entryway around New England and New York. Isaac collapsed leaflets. They utilized handbills, postcards, leaflets, and notices, starting with the Boston papers. The Boston ad acquired requests from wholesalers. A significant patent medication dealer, Charles N. Crittenden, started to convey the item, expanding its appropriation to across the country. Promoting was forceful. The promotions focused on ladies straightforwardly, on the supposition that ladies comprehended their own issues best. A bit of leeway that the Pinkhams underscored was that Lydias medication was made by a lady, and the notices focused on supports by ladies just as by pharmacists. The name gave the impression of the medication being natively constructed despite the fact that it was monetarily delivered. Advertisements frequently were intended to look like reports, for the most part with some difficult circumstance that could have been mitigated by the utilization of the compound. By 1881, the organization started promoting the compound not just as a tonicâ but likewise as pills and capsules. Pinkhams objectives went past business; her correspondence remembering guidance for wellbeing and physical exercise. She had faith in her compound as an option in contrast to standard clinical treatment, and she needed to counter the possibility that ladies were frail. Promoting to Women One component of the commercials of Pinkhams cure was an open and straight to the point conversation of womens medical problems. For a period, Pinkham added a douche to the contributions of the organization; ladies regularly utilized it as contraception, but since it was showcased for sterile purposes, it was not focused for arraignment under the Comstock Law. The publicizing conspicuously included Lydia Pinkhams picture and advanced her as a brand. Promotions called Lydia Pinkham the Savior of her Sex. The advertisements likewise asked ladies to leave specialists be and called the intensify A medication for ladies. Concocted by a lady. Arranged by a lady. The commercials offered an approach to keep in touch with Mrs. Pinkham and many did. Lydia Pinkhams obligation in the business additionally included noting the numerous letters got. Moderation and the Vegetable Compound Lydia Pinkham was a functioning supporter of moderation. Notwithstanding that, her compound included 19% liquor. How could she legitimize that? She guaranteed that the liquor was important to suspend and save the natural fixings, thus she didn't discover its utilization contrary with her restraint sees. Utilizing liquor for therapeutic reasons for existing was frequently acknowledged by the individuals who upheld moderation. While there were numerous accounts of ladies being influenced by the liquor in the compound, it was generally protected. Other patent meds of the time included morphine, arsenic, opium or mercury. Demise and Continuing Business Daniel, at 32, and William, at 38, the two most youthful Pinkham children, both passed on in 1881 of tuberculosis (utilization). Lydia Pinkham went to her mysticism and held seances to attempt to reach her children. By then, the business was officially fused. Lydia had a stroke in 1882 and passed on the following year. Despite the fact that Lydia Pinkham passed on in Lynn in 1883 at age 64, her child Charles proceeded with the business. At the hour of her passing, deals were $300,000 every year; deals kept on developing. There were a few clashes with the companys publicizing operator, and afterward another specialist refreshed the promoting efforts. By the 1890s, the compound was the most promoted patent medication in America. More pictures demonstrating womens freedom started to be utilized. Advertisements despite everything utilized Lydia Pinkhams picture and kept on including solicitations to keep in touch with Mrs. Pinkham. A girl in-law and later staff individuals at the organization addressed the correspondence. In 1905, the Ladies Home Journal, which was additionally crusading for food and medication security guidelines, blamed the organization for distorting this correspondence, distributing a photo of the gravestone of Lydia Pinkham. The organization reacted that Mrs. Pinkham alluded to Jennie Pinkham, the little girl in-law. In 1922, Lydias little girl, Aroline Pinkham Gove, established a center in Salem, Massachusetts, to serve moms and youngsters. Deals of the Vegetable Compound topped in 1925 at $3 million. The business diminished after that point, on account of family struggle after Charles demise over how to maintain the business, the impacts of the Great Depression and furthermore changing government guidelines, particularly the Food and Drug Act, that influenced what could be guaranteed in the ads. In 1968, the Pinkham family sold the organization, cutting off their association with it, and assembling was moved to Puerto Rico. In 1987, Numark Laboratories gained aâ license to the medication, calling it Lydia Pinkhams Vegetable Compound. It can even now be found, for example as Lydia Pinkham Herbal Tablet Supplement and Lydia Pinkham Herbal Liquid Supplement. Fixings Fixings in the first compound: Bogus unicorn root, genuine unicorn rootBlack cohosh rootLife rootPleurisy rootFenugreek seedAlcohol More current increments in later forms include: Dandelion rootBlack cohosh root (as in the original)Jamaican dogwoodMotherwortPleurisy root (as in the original)Licorice rootGentian root The Lydia Pinkham Song Reacting to the medicine and its across the board publicizing, a jingle about it became famousâ and stayed mainstream well into the twentieth century. In 1969, the Irish Rovers remembered this for a collection, and the single made the Top 40 in the United States. The words (in the same way as other people tunes) change; this is a typical adaptation: We sing of Lydia PinkhamAnd her adoration for the huma

Free Essays on Barn Burning

Horse shelter Burning William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"The Barn Burning,† examines the issues of the tenant farmer, in the late nineteenth century South; Primarily a tale about the connection among father and child, the story introduces itself using imagery. The most essential image in the story is fire. The fire represents the father’s outrage and, his absence of regard for different people’s property. The story starts and finishes with the torching of a stable. All through the story, Faulkner utilizes imagery in his battle among profound quality and morals. Is blood genuinely thicker than water? Fire is utilized to speak to outrage. Abner in every case just left absent a lot of response, however inside he was continually seething,. Since Abner would not vent or let out his indignation it simply continued developing and developing like a fire. The more unfairness he was given the more the fire developed inside himself. Abner would let the fire develop until he at long last pulverized what appeared to have demonstrated him the foul play. When Abner loses control, as opposed to looking for a sensible solution for his issues, he falls back on impulsively devastating the property of whomever he thinks wronged him. This shows the absence of regard Abner has for different people’s property and things. This side of Abner shows he believes he can demolish anything to improve things and identifies with fire consummately. Fire crushes anything in its manner, has regard to no end and never feels regret for what it has done. Much the same as fire, Abner doesn't regard limits. Abne r remains determined and regards nobody. Abner’s connection to fire exhibits his connection to his own indignation, the submerge power that his displeasure has over him. Instead of venting his emotions, he holds them in, as he contains the little fire, until he can lash out with the full power of the scorn. Abner’s child Sarty was the character with the most inner clash all through the story. He was confronted with various circumstances tha... Free Essays on Barn Burning Free Essays on Barn Burning Stable Burning â€Å"You’re getting the opportunity to take care of business. You got the opportunity to learn. You got the chance to figure out how to adhere to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood to adhere to you.† This statement from William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† reveals a focal issue in the story, as Jane Hiles proposes in her translation. The story is about blood ties, yet more explicitly, how these ties influence Sarty (the focal character of the story). The story inspects the inward clash and predicament that Sarty faces. At the point when the story starts, Sarty and his family are in a court. Sarty, referred to in an appropriate setting as Colonel Sartoris, which in itself gives an understanding into the families attitude. Sarty’s father, Abner Snopes is being blamed for an outbuilding consuming. Immediately, as Sarty is called to affirm, you get a thought of what is experiencing the boy’s head, and the mindset that has be imbued in him. He contemplates internally, Enemy! Adversary!, alluding to the individuals that his dad and his family so far as that is concerned are facing. Sarty would later find that things are not generally the way that his dad persuades they are. Sarty, some place where it counts needs to simply make the right decision, however being around 10 years of age, I don’t think he very has that made sense of yet. His feeling of good and bad has been one-sided under the oppression of his dad. We additionally get a smart thought of the character of the dad, Abner, by the way Sarty depicts his physical appearance. Abner isn't a man of a ton of words, exhibited in numerous examples. We see this in the manner he tends to his family, in the manner in which he speaks with different characters, and in particular in his absurd tricks in his endeavors to demonstrate that realize one will at any point run over Abner Snopes and his family. He pretty much uses activitie s to represent him. That’s kind of the entire thought behind Abner Snopes. He’s a man with so much pride that he will go to any lengths to seek retribution upon the individuals who wr... Free Essays on Barn Burning Horse shelter Burning William Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"The Barn Burning,† talks about the issues of the tenant farmer, in the late nineteenth century South; Primarily an anecdote about the connection among father and child, the story introduces itself using imagery. The most crucial image in the story is fire. The fire represents the father’s outrage and, his absence of regard for different people’s property. The story starts and finishes with the torching of an animal dwellingplace. All through the story, Faulkner utilizes imagery in his battle among profound quality and morals. Is blood really thicker than water? Fire is utilized to speak to outrage. Abner in every case just left absent a lot of response, yet inside he was continually seething,. Since Abner would not vent or let out his indignation it simply continued developing and developing like a fire. The more bad form he was given the more the fire developed inside himself. Abner would let the fire develop until he at long last demolished what appeared to have demonstrated him the treachery. When Abner loses control, as opposed to looking for a sensible solution for his issues, he turns to imprudently devastating the property of whomever he thinks wronged him. This shows the absence of regard Abner has for different people’s property and possessions. This side of Abner shows he believes he can wreck anything to improve things and identifies with fire impeccably. Fire demolishes anything in its manner, has regard in vain and never feels regret for what it has done. Much the same as fire, Abner doesn't regard limits. Abner persever es relentlessly and regards nobody. Abner’s connection to fire exhibits his connection to his own indignation, the drench power that his outrage has over him. Instead of venting his sentiments, he holds them in, as he contains the little fire, until he can lash out with the full power of the scorn. Abner’s child Sarty was the character with the most interior clash all through the story. He was confronted with a wide range of circumstances tha... Free Essays on Barn Burning William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning† portrays an immovable sort of connection between poor people and well off individuals of the Civil War Era. The Snope’s Family, sharecrops to get by. Abner Snopes, the fundamental character of the story has scorn towards well off individuals. He lashes out at them in disdain and consumes their outbuildings. Through the story he shows an outright dismissal for the law and regard for his family. Abner’s character doesn't change all through the story appearing and demonstrating that he is an unfeeling, pernicious, and brutal man. The start of the story begins with Abner and his family being condemned to leave the nation. He shows no regret for his activities to his family, not even once saying 'sorry' When the family has migrated because of his dismissal to the law, he starts to arrange around his better half, his sister and two little girls to begin to empty the wagon when they show up at their new home. Abner goes into De Spain’s house without consent and afterward ruins his floor covering by cleaning his pony excrement secured feet. Once Abner was advised to clean the floor covering he made his girls clean the mat and afterward to hang it dry. Abner then ruines the floor covering further by taking a stone to it. At the point when he restored the mat he tossed it on the patio rather than appropriately giving it to him. When the harms were apparent he was charged to reimburse the harms. The consequence of his sentence to compensate for harms goaded Abner making him fight back by endeavoring to consume Major De Spain’s outbuilding. Abner’s character is unaltered in any event, when he is discovered overstepping the law. His first experience of overstepping the law comes about when he was in the Civil War, not battling in the war yet taking ponies from the two sides of the lines. The story started with Abner in court over Hyatt 2 the consuming of Mr. Harris’s stable. Anyway the was insufficient proof to control against him. He was advised by the appointed authority to leave the nation. Abner was not in his new hou... Free Essays on Barn Burning William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning† portrays a common connection between well off individuals and destitute individuals during the Civil War. The fundamental character, Abner Snopes, sharecrops to get by for his family. He loathes well off individuals. Out of hatred for well off individuals, he proceeds to consume their horse shelters to seek retribution. Abner’s character through the span of the story is perpetual in that he is inhumane, uncivilized, and fierce. In the first place, Abner’s perpetual character shows his inhumanity. In the wake of being condemned to leave the nation for consuming a man’s animal dwellingplace, he demonstrates no feelings to his family. During the story, there was not when he was sorry or offered an expression of support to them. His manner of speaking when conversing with them is harsh and bossy, and he never said bless your heart. Later in the story after they had shown up at their next house, he arranges his better half, her sister and his two girls to empty the wagon. He strolls with his child to DeSpain’s house where he entered without given authorization, and continued to wipe his feet that was secured with horse excrement, accordingly recoloring the floor covering. â€Å"Abner travels through existence with no respect for his kindred people and with no regard for their entitlement to material possessions† (731). In the wake of being advised to clean the mat, Abner took a stone and further demolished it. His briskness is demonstrated when he requests his two little girls to clean the floor covering in pots of lye and afterward balancing it to dry. Later at night Abner considers his child to get the opportunity to restore the mat to DeSpain. When Abner came back to DeSpain’s house he tossed the floor covering on the yard as opposed to thumping on the entryway and returning it to DeSpain appropriately. Abner was later charged for the harms he did to t

Not Farewell After All

Not Farewell After All In my last entry, way back in June 2013, I painstakingly bid good-bye to life at MIT and in particular, to the MIT blogs (direct quote: “Farewell, MIT blogosphere”). But I’m back!! Just in time to join other current and alumni bloggers in celebrating the 10-year anniversary of the MIT blogs and also to offer an update on my life post-MIT. I graduated about a year ago (June 2013) and because I wasn’t ready to be a Real Person quite yet jumped straight from undergrad into med school. Now, I’m over on the West Coast, at Stanford, where I just finished my first year of medical school and absolutely loved it. In the past, I’ve had a lot of people ask me whether it’s hard to be pre-med at MIT, particularly since MIT is known to be a tough school, and whether looking back, I wish I had chosen a 7-year med program, something I was considering way back in 2008 (wow, that makes me feel old ?) when I applied to colleges. Having gone through MIT, the med school application process, and now a year of medical school, I am actually incredibly grateful that I went to a school like MIT because: MIT exposed me to a strong science and engineering foundation that definitely makes my med school coursework easier. MIT forced me to figure out, early in my undergrad career, how I should balance work, friends, sleep, exercise, etc., a skill that’s just as vital in med school as it is in undergrad (also, for some reason, EVERYONE exercises in medical school…lots of peer pressure) MIT helped me believe that if I had an idea, then there was nothing stopping me from taking that idea and making it a reality. So, short answer: yes, being pre-med at MIT was challenging at times (I think it will be that way no matter where you go, honestly), but no, I have no regrets and would do it all over again if given the chance. Going back to the 3rd point I mentioned above: the MIT blogs had a huge influence on my decision to apply to and then matriculate at MIT, and I had the idea of bringing this concept of a student blog to Stanford Med as well. I joined a couple similarly minded students at Stanford in talking to the Stanford administration about this, and as of January 2014, there’s a Stanford Med student blog too!! I think about MIT every time a new post goes up on Stanford Med blog, and it helps me feel like I’m still connected to the MIT community. I’m also back in Boston this summer, living near Harvard Square and working in the medical center, and I pass by MIT every single morning on my way to work. I miss MIT so much! For those of you entering MIT this upcoming fall, make the most of these next 4 years â€" you’re in for such a treat! For those of you applying this cycle, good luck! If you have any questions about MIT or med school, I’m happy to be a resource ? I won’t make the mistake of saying “Farewell, MIT Blogosphere” in this post. Instead: till next time! Hamsika, MIT’13

The Sustainability, Economic Sustainability And Social...

The terms Sustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches for improving our life. Sustainability is about people and culture, our environment, jobs or countries. Could be defended as an ability or capacity of something to be maintained or to sustain itself. It s about taking what we need to live now. There is many departments of sustainability but the main are three environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. The term sustainability in a business or company means a lot. Business sustainability is the management and coordination of environmental, social and finance demands and concerns to ensure responsible ethical and ongoing success. Sustainability is about good business and successful life improvement. Starbucks Company story began in 1971 with a single store in Seattle s pike Place Market. Starbucks named after mate in Herman Melville s Moby Dick and their logo is also by the sea, featuring a twin-tailed siren from Greek mythology. Their mission is to inspire and nature the human spirit - one person, one cup and more neighbourhood. Now Starbucks Corporation is the largest coffee house company in the world, with over 17000 stores in more than fifty countries, which they serve 50 million customers every week. That s why i choose Starbucks because first i love their coffee and second i was curious to learn, see and examine how can this company can be sustainably with 17000 stores all over the world.Show MoreRelatedThe Sustainability, Economic Sustainability And Social Sustainability1861 Words   |  8 PagesSustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches for improving our life. Sustainability is about people and culture, our environment, jobs or cou ntries. 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Moma Visit †Compare and Contrast Paintings Free Essays

string(97) " the upper half of the painting prevents â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† from lacking in movement\." MoMA visit – Visual analysis Art is an effective way to express beauty. Artists have different ways to express their ideas and communicate nonverbally through their work. In the Early Modern Art period, artists were free to create their pieces in diverse ways that never had been done before. We will write a custom essay sample on Moma Visit – Compare and Contrast Paintings or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this essay, I chose the works of two artists of this period to compare and contrast so that the diversity of Modern art can be demonstrated. Even though Vincent Van Gogh and Rene Magritte was born forty five years apart from each other and had different styles, I am interested in analyzing â€Å"The Starry Night† (Vincent van Gogh) and â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† (Rene Magritte) after my trip to the Museum of Modern Art. At the first analysis, I would like to discuss the famous painting â€Å"The Starry Night† (1889) by Van Gogh. This painting is in oil on canvas and has the dimensions of 73. 7  cm ? 92. 1  cm. Van Gogh depicts the town in Rhone under gaslight and reflected in the blue river. As it is displayed at MoMA, â€Å"The Starry Night† attracts a great number of visitors to its mysterious blue spirals. The focus of the painting is quite high as the first point drawn to the viewer is at the sky. The spirals meet with each other and the yellow stars are bright throughout the dark blue sky. Van Gogh uses thick brush strokes to draw the mysterious spirals, which occupy most of the center of the painting. The enormous spirals are reproduced images of moving waves in the ocean, but also induce a whirling movement. This technique plays a significant part to create the chaotically moving effect for the picture. Most people who see this picture for the first time feel that the whole scenery somehow shifts, even though it is a still life painting. Moving my view point from the mysterious spirals, I can see the big, extremely dark green cypress tree located in the right part of the picture. Cypress appears in Van gogh’s picture often such as in the â€Å"Cypresses† and â€Å"Wheatfield with cypresses. † Unlike these two pictures above, he uses similar sinuous curves tortured from full cycles one after another in this one to reproduce the brush stroke he uses in the spirals. In the bottom one third of the painting, Rhone town at midnight is peaceful in blue. The clearest part we can see at this town is the church and its bell tower. Although the church only consists of simple sketches, it seems to be the most complicated fragment in the painting. The bell tower points up to the sky and draws attention of the viewers to the spirals once again. Secondly, the next painting I would like to mention is â€Å"The Empire of Light ii† (1950) of Rene Magritte. Its dimensions are of 78. 8 x 99. 1 cm. Magritte wants to demonstrate a nocturnal scene under a daytime sky. When I first saw the painting, the initial thought that came through my mind was to admire the peaceful scenery of an ordinary small town. Then I noticed the paradox in the painting. The upper half of the painting is the light blue sky of a peaceful day with floating white clouds. However, the bottom half is a small town at midnight. Houses and trees are all covered with dark hue as if it is late at night. The town looks as if it has already gone to sleep. The thin and precise brush strokes that Magritte adroitly use make the picture look as real as a photo. The closer and longer I look at the painting, the more confused I become. The serenity of the deep-sleeping town, which is dimly lit by the antique street light, along with the floating clouds, makes me feel so calm and peaceful that I am persuaded into its reality. However, I am still able to notice the contrast between day and night in two halves of the painting. This confusion is the result of the eyes tricked to believe in what we see. The placement of day and night remarkably reminds us about our conscious mind that we use in everyday life, and about our lit unconscious mind that waits for us to use it to brighten our senses. This painting conceals Magritte’s psyche that â€Å"The mind loves the unknown. It loves images whose meaning is unknown, since the meaning of the mind itself is unknown. † On the one hand, there are similarities between two paintings that I notice. Firstly, both painters use oil on canvas for the paintings. They also have the approximate dimensions of about 70cmx95cm. Secondly, mystery is an important fact that makes the two paintings worth seeing. People cannot resist taking a look at the spirals and following the moving effect of the whole picture when seeing â€Å"The Starry Night. The spirals themselves are mysterious since they are echoed the movement of ocean waves. Similarly, ‘The Empire of Light, ii† makes spectators wonder the reality of a nocturnal scene of a small town under a sunny day. Their minds are tricked to believe in the true-to-life scene as well as to question the paradox. In addition, luminosity is created successfully in two painting s. In â€Å"The Starry Night†, the moon and the stars illuminate the sky as stars and moon are in concentric circles and contrary to the dark blue sky surrounding. The moon is placed at the top right corner of the painting, where the sun usually appears, and produces light together with the stars. Correspondingly, in Magritte’s, light comes from the title of the painting itself. The lamppost, as well as the windows’ dim light, creates the luminosity standing alone in the dark night. Finally, even though both paintings have no sign of human and animals, motion still appears clearly. The whole â€Å"Starry Night† is a chaos, moving and moving freely, while the floating clouds in the sunny sky in the upper half of the painting prevents â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† from lacking in movement. You read "Moma Visit – Compare and Contrast Paintings" in category "Papers" On the other hand, each picture has its own quality. The first difference between the two paintings is the brush stroke. Vincent van Gogh uses the thick brush stroke in â€Å"The Starry Night,† especially when painting the spirals and the cypress, while Magritte’s extremely thin brush stroke appears everywhere in the painting. As a result, the surfaces of two paintings are different; rough in â€Å"The Starry Night† and smooth in â€Å"The Empire of light, ii. † Also, while â€Å"The Starry Night† has an open shape, â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† is closed-shaped. In â€Å"Starry Night,† there are no edges coming between the stars and the sky. They just merge with one another and create a beautiful â€Å"Starry Night. † However, the thin brush strokes in â€Å"The Empire of Light† identify all objects distinctively. Edges are clear between houses; clouds and sky are clearly recognized. Thirdly, although both painters use blue, the hue, value and intensity are different. Blue is the spiritual color in â€Å"The starry night,† and Van Gogh uses blue that varies from the darkest in the town to the lightest in the inside of the spirals. Blue is also diverse in the sky, together with yellow to make a sky lively. Magritte, however, uses just one value of light blue to paint his sky in a sunny day and the sky looks serene. Last but not least, even though both paintings depict the same subject of a small town at midnight, each painting represents a different style. While â€Å"the starry night† of Van Gogh follows post-impressionism – a style that combines the elements of Impressionism with those of non-Europe to create their own way – â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† of Magritte is surrealist, whose purposes are to describe the irrational, to examine perception and to create the word and image relationship. In conclusion, â€Å"The starry night† of Vincent van Gogh and â€Å"The Empire of Light, ii† are expressions of aesthetic values. The paintings, either post-impressionist or surrealist, represent the painters’ own way of self-expression and their own way to communicate with the spectators nonverbally. Reference 1. Van Gogh’s letters http://vangoghletters. org/vg/letters/let693/letter. html http://vangoghletters. org/vg/letters/let782/letter. html 2. Magritte’s quotes http://www. rene-magritte. org/rene-magritte-quotes. jsp 3. Other http://www. moma. org/collection/object. php? object_id=78456 http://www. all-art. rg/art_20th_century/magritte1. html The starry night – Vincent van Gogh The Empire of Light, ii – Rene Magritte Claude Monet – Contextual factors influenced his style Claude Monet (1840-1926) was a French artist, who was considered a leader of the Impressionism movement as this style was named after his painting  "Impression, Sunrise† (1872). He is one of the typical artists to mention when we discuss the Early Modern art era. I would like to analyze the contextual factors that affect his style of painting. First of all, the political circumstances in France from 1870s had effects on Monet’s style. During the Franco-Prussian War (1871-1872), Monet came to England with Pissarro for shelter. He met the dealer Durand Ruel, who then became a great advocator of the Impressionists. Also in England, Monet had chance to study the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, which inspired his innovations in study of colors. After spending a summer (1971) in Amsterdam, Holland, he returned to French, which was damaged by the civil war. He stayed in Argenteuil, which was an industrially growing town near the Seine river until 1878. From 1872-1878, Argenteuil was a center for Impressionist painters to gather after Monet published his painting â€Å"Impression, Sunrise† depicted the Seine river. In addition, innovations in painting manufacture were introduced in public in 19th century. In 1841, John Rahn invented the collapsible tin paint tube, which revolutionized the color palette and technique of  plein-air oil painting  by offering a range of pre-mixed colors in a convenient medium. This is a major factor to emerge Impressionism. Monet used this plein-air painting as a elementary principle of his art in 1860s,. He sought to combine his Realist investigation with the possibilities of creating a new style of painting. In the paintings produced at La Grenouillere at 1869, Monet found a way establish a challenging tension between appearances and painterly invention that proved sufficient basis for the developed Impressionist manner of the 1870s and after. In 1870s, Monet’s brush stroke became smaller and more diverse. He also tried to conduct experiments to control value contrasts. These experiments with color were played off against and within a traditional framework, essentially perspectives in nature. Finally, 19th century marked the emergence of photography, which had a major effect on Modern Art. In the first half of the century, cameras were introduced continuously and rapidly improved. For example, in 1814, Joseph Niepce used his  camera obscura  to take picture, but the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer invented the  Collodion process, in which images required only two or three seconds of light exposure. Thus, painters were in need of seeking new techniques to innovate their painting. They had to prove that paintings might not be replaced by photos. Thus, Monet sought a way to break the old rules of traditional painting. His brush strokes became thinner; the closed shape in traditional painting became more open as the boundaries between objects were more obscure, as we can see in his â€Å"Impression, Sunrise. † According to the contemporary critics, the painting was rather a sketch than a complete work of art. However, this painting was the first impressionist to be presented. In conclusion, the political circumstances and developing technique are two crucial factors that affect the style of Monet Claude. After his first painting in 1972, Impressionism became his style for his later life. Work cited MoMA – Monet Claud’s biography http://www. moma. org/collection/artist. php? artist_id=4058 http://www. claude-monet. com/index. jsp House, John, et al. :  Monet in the 20th century, page 2, Yale University Press, 1998 http://www. visual-arts-cork. com/artist-paints/colour-palette-nineteenth-century. htm http://library. brown. edu/cds/paris/finearts. html#impressionism http://inventors. about. com/od/pstartinventions/a/Photography. htm How to cite Moma Visit – Compare and Contrast Paintings, Papers

The Pamphleteers Protestant Champion Viewing Oliver Cromwell Through

The Pamphleteers Protestant Champion: Viewing Oliver Cromwell Through the Media of his Day The years between 1640 and 1660 witnessed in England a greater outpouring of printed material than the country had seen since the first printing press had begun operating in the 1470s.1 The breakdown of government and Church censorship in the early 1640s was almost total until the mid-1650s when Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector reimposed some controls. Not until the return of the Stuarts and their royal censors did the flow of pamphlets cease. This tumultuous period of English history therefore became a crowded arena for free expression of radical religious, social, and political ideas. This fact, coupled with the euphoria surrounding the victories of the New Model Army, the uninhibited exchange of ideas, and the general millennial atmosphere, especially following Charles Is execution, led many Englishman to see their nation as the emerging leader of the Protestant world. A recurring theme among these pamphlets, sermons, and broadsides was the idea that Oliver Cromwell was the man to lead England into this new age. Like the second coming of the Swedish soldier-king Gustavus Adolphus, Cromwell would champion the Protestant cause wherever it was in need. As a Civil War hero, conqueror of the Irish and Scots, and later as Lord Protector, the devoutly religious Cromwell certainly had the background to fit the role. Yet in practical terms, England of the 1640s and 1650s was not the military juggernaut that many writers pictured it to be. The nation was not capable of wiping out the Turkish menace, unseating the Pope, and defending persecuted Protestants on the Continent all in one fell swoop. Thefinancial difficulties of the Stuarts did not disappear with the execution of Charles, and though the navy was strong, it was not logistically feasible for the army to get involved in a large Continental war. Despite this, even Cromwell himself had some occasional delusions of religious and military grandeur. A well known quote has him saying that, were he ten years younger, there was not a king in Europe I would not make to tremble.2 In moments of religious fervor Cromwell might have seen himself and England in a millenial light, yet he was first and foremost a pragmatic politician. His genuine belief in the need to aid and protect his co-religionists took a secondary position to the day-to-day realities of English society and politics. His alliance with the Catholic French against the Spanish and his acquiescence to the war agaist the Protestant Dutch provide ample evidence of his heeding realpolitik considerations over any Pan-Protestant ideology. Why then was Cromwell cast by the pamphleteers as a Protestant champion? The answer lies in the fact that the world view of the average Englishman was limited to either what he read or what was read to him, either at informal gatherings or in church. Thus, the power of the printed word is hard to exaggerate in this time of upheaval and millennial anticipation. How and why Oliver Cromwell was cast in the role of English savior is directly related to the outlook of his contemporaries as shaped by the literature of the era. After distinguished service in the early years of the Civil War, Cromwell was firmly thrust into the limelight following his participation in the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, the conflicts decisive engagement. Having only recently rejoined the army following his exemption from the Self Denying Ordinance, he was to play a major role in this Parliamentary victory. Despite an overwhelming numerical advantage (14,000 vs. 7,500), the Parliamentary forces were on the verge of collapse following a Royalist charge against one end of their line. Cromwell, however, led the better disciplined Parliamentary horse on a charge against the opposite flank and succeeded in getting behind the Royalist infantry and thus swinging the victory toward Parliament. Though the King held out for another year, Naseby effectively crushed the Royalist cause.3 Cromwells letter to the Speaker of the House William Lenthall following the battle set the tone for future Cromwellian victory announcements. In its two paragraphs, the letter, which was read to Parliament as well as in the Churches in and around London,4 credited the victory to God no less than six times.